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Cognitive Computation of Jealous Emotion
Nicoladie D. Tam,
Krista M. Smith
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, December 2014
Pages:
1-7
Received:
30 November 2014
Accepted:
3 December 2014
Published:
31 December 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.pbs.s.2014030601.11
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Abstract: The computational role of jealous emotion has been proposed in a model of emotion, in which the desirable gain (or loss) is used as a measure for computing the emotional feedback that assesses the discrepancy between what an individual wants and gets. The jealous emotion is elicited when the perception that the other individuals have more than one has, or that the desire of wanting what others have, but cannot get. Such self-identified error measure is used as an internal measure to monitor the incongruence between model prediction and actual outcome, such that the accuracy of predictions by the brain can be assessed. Jealousy can serve as a motivating signal to an individual to self-correct errors that may exist. This error signal signifies the incongruence between the desirable and the actual outcomes. This (unhappy) jealous emotion provides the necessary feedback to self-correct any potential source of errors, which may originate from the errors in (input) perception, (output) execution or (internal) model. An ultimatum game (UG) paradigm is used to elicit self-generated emotion. Results showed that the emotional intensity of jealousy is inversely proportional to perceived gains (and proportional to the perceived losses). Subjective jealousy biases are represented by shifting of the emotional stimulus-response function. This suggested that jealousy can be resolved by correcting (1) the perception of unfairness (perceptual error), (2) wrong decision (execution error) and (3) faulty assumption of entitlement (model prediction error) in this experimental UG paradigm. The results confirmed the hypothesis that self-regulated jealousy is processed cognitively in proportional to the perceived loss, when one wants to gain something that one cannot get. Implications on emotional intelligence are also addressed.
Abstract: The computational role of jealous emotion has been proposed in a model of emotion, in which the desirable gain (or loss) is used as a measure for computing the emotional feedback that assesses the discrepancy between what an individual wants and gets. The jealous emotion is elicited when the perception that the other individuals have more than one ...
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A Decision-Making Phase-Space Model for Fairness Assessment
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, December 2014
Pages:
8-15
Received:
30 November 2014
Accepted:
3 December 2014
Published:
7 March 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.pbs.s.2014030601.12
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Views:
Abstract: Toward the goal of delineating the underlying decision-making process in relation to fairness, a mathematical model describing the decision criteria is derived. In this fairness-decision model, the decision-making criteria are limited to choose between fairness, equity/disparity and monetary gain. In this model, the decision threshold criteria are represented by the graphical location of the decision space in the fairness-equity quadrant. The fairness decision criterion is determined by the relativistic fairness stimulus-response function representing the relationship between fairness and disparity. The disparity/equity decision criterion is determined by the disparity of the monetary offer. The decision threshold is represented by the graphical intersection between the fairness stimulus-response function and the disparity function. The analysis shows that monetary gain or loss is a consequence of the decision, rather than a decision criterion, unless the decision is already predetermined. The analysis also shows that the paradoxical decisions that seem to be irrational (such as rejecting hyper-equitable offers) are, in fact, logically consistent without being paradoxical or irrational. It is resulted from a bias in fairness perception that shifts the fairness stimulus-response function up/down or left/right around the four fairness-equity quadrants. If either fairness or equity/disparity were used as the sole criterion for decision, no paradox would exist. It is only when both fairness and equity/disparity were used as the decision criteria simultaneously that would have resulted in a paradoxical decision under certain circumstances. But such paradox is merely a shift/bias in the fairness perception without being irrational, as predicted by the present relativistic fairness-equity model.
Abstract: Toward the goal of delineating the underlying decision-making process in relation to fairness, a mathematical model describing the decision criteria is derived. In this fairness-decision model, the decision-making criteria are limited to choose between fairness, equity/disparity and monetary gain. In this model, the decision threshold criteria are ...
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Rational Decision-Making Process Choosing Fairness Over Monetary Gain as Decision Criteria
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, December 2014
Pages:
16-23
Received:
30 November 2014
Accepted:
3 December 2014
Published:
7 March 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.pbs.s.2014030601.13
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Abstract: Objective: This study tests the hypothesis that the decision-making process in humans is often based on the fairness rather than the monetary gain/loss, when they are confronted with a choice between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Methods: The classical Ultimatum Game (UG) is used as the experimental paradigm to quantify the threshold crossover-point to switch the decision from rejection to acceptance. The fairness stimulus-response function is used for quantifying the decision threshold and the co-variation relationship between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Results: The results show that the level of fairness perception is always 27.5% lower for the rejection decision than the acceptance decision, irrespective of the offer-ratio (i.e., monetary gain/loss) or the baseline level of fairness for that decision. The data also show a co-variation relationship between fairness and offer-ratio (monetary gain/loss), but such proportionality relationship is decoupled at the even-split singularity point. The analysis shows that the decision crossover threshold is located at a slightly unfair perception, indicating tolerance to some unfairness in the decision. This suggests that a rejection decision is made when the unfairness perception threshold is reached. Conclusion: These analyses validated the hypothesis that the decision to accept/reject the monetary offer is logically consistent using the fairness criterion as the threshold for decision along the fairness-axis — even for accepting inequitable offers or rejecting hyper-equitable offers, irrespective of the amount of monetary gain/loss. The apparent decision based on the monetary gain/loss criterion is only a side effect of the co-variation between fairness and monetary gain.
Abstract: Objective: This study tests the hypothesis that the decision-making process in humans is often based on the fairness rather than the monetary gain/loss, when they are confronted with a choice between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Methods: The classical Ultimatum Game (UG) is used as the experimental paradigm to quantify the threshold crossover-p...
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The Meaning of Secure: A Case Study of Wonokromo Kampung, Surabaya
Tri Dani Widyastuti,
Happy Ratna Santosa,
Ispurwono Soemarno
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, December 2014
Pages:
24-28
Received:
9 June 2014
Accepted:
28 July 2014
Published:
7 January 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.pbs.s.2014030601.14
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Abstract: Urban kampung is a product of an uncontrolled development of the city. Along with all the issues contained there in, ho-metown has become its own unique phenomena that characterize the cities in Indonesia. One of the main criteria the needs of the kampungs and settlements housing facilities such as adequate facilities and infrastructure illegally occupy land. This research highlights the defensible space in formal housing in relation to the security aspects. And what about the residential areas built by the people who live in marginal kampung with all its limitations? From these conditions, the need for a study of how people's perception about the meaning of secure in their environment and how they develop defense strategies (defensible space) to meet the security needs of home and environment. The study used the descriptive method of data analysis using both primary and secondary. By taking the marginal kampung location in Wonokromo in Surabaya as a sample, this study tries to reveal how people interpret the marginal kampung security and defense in developing a variety of home and environment. The results of the study revealed that the meaning of safety for people in the riverside village of Surabaya is if they avoid eviction. Certainty is a priority for the people residing along the river Mas / Surabaya than the fear of crime.The results of this study shows a different perspective about the meaning of security in communities of marginal kampung. and survival strategies are developed. Results are expected to enrich the theory of defensible space as well as capable of being a good academic discourse for scholars and policy makers spatial and regional planning.
Abstract: Urban kampung is a product of an uncontrolled development of the city. Along with all the issues contained there in, ho-metown has become its own unique phenomena that characterize the cities in Indonesia. One of the main criteria the needs of the kampungs and settlements housing facilities such as adequate facilities and infrastructure illegally o...
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